Definition:
Linux, or GNU/Linux, is a free, cross-platform software operating system created by Finnish Linus Torvalds. As free software, it is not owned by any person or company, and its source code is available to anyone who wishes to modify it. It is a multi-platform, multi-user, multi-tasking operating system that offers both a command-line interface and a graphical user interface.
History of Linux
In the 1980s, the Free Software Foundation, together with Richard Stallman, initiated the GNU project with the goal of developing an operating system compatible with UNIX, a multi-tasking, multi-device system created in the early 1970s. Although the GNU project progressed, it lacked an efficient kernel. This lack was filled in 1991 when Linus Torvalds began development of a kernel that culminated in what we know today as the Linux kernel. Thus was born the GNU/Linux operating system, commonly known as Linux. Since 1991, multiple versions of the Linux kernel have been released, with major milestones in 1994, 1996, 2011, 2015 and 2019. Currently, it is estimated that approximately 10 million users use Linux worldwide, cementing it as the most popular UNIX system. In addition, the Linux kernel is the basis for Android, the widely used mobile operating system developed by Google.
Linux distributions
Thanks to the free software nature of Linux, numerous distributions have been developed, each tailored to different needs and user groups. Some of the best known distributions are:
- Fedora: Created by Red Hat, Fedora seeks to be a benchmark in the open source market, standing out for its stability and security. It is known for incorporating the latest technologies and offering a robust development environment.
- Debian: One of the first distributions developed, Debian has served as the basis for many others and is known for its extensive package repository and its .deb packaging system. It is appreciated for its stability and for being completely free.
- Ubuntu: Undoubtedly the most popular Linux distribution, Ubuntu is geared towards the average user and is known for its ease of use. It is an excellent choice for those new to Linux, and offers a regular release cycle and extended support.
- Arch Linux: Known for its focus on simplicity and total user control, Arch Linux is ideal for advanced users who want to customize their system from scratch. It uses a rolling release package system, which means it is always up to date.
- CentOS: Based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS offers a stable and free platform for servers, with a focus on stability and security. It is widely used in enterprise environments.
- Linux Mint: Derived from Ubuntu, Linux Mint is known for its user-friendly interface and focus on ease of use. It offers a polished user experience and is popular with those looking for a smooth transition from other operating systems.
- openSUSE: Offers two main versions: Leap, which provides stability with periodic releases, and Tumbleweed, which is a rolling release distribution. It is known for its Yast configuration tool and its focus on security.
- Kali Linux: Designed for penetration testing and computer security, Kali Linux is used by security professionals to perform audits and vulnerability testing.
Advantages of using Linux
Linux offers numerous advantages that make it attractive to both individual users and businesses:
- Security: Linux is known for its security robustness. Its architecture and open development model allow for rapid identification and correction of vulnerabilities.
- Cost: As an open source operating system, Linux is free, which significantly reduces the licensing costs associated with other operating systems.
- Flexibility and customization: Users can modify and customize Linux to their specific needs, from the graphical interface to the system kernel.
- Performance: Linux is resource efficient, making it ideal for running on older hardware or hardware with limited specifications.
- Active community: Linux has a global community of developers and users who contribute to the support, development and continuous improvement of the system.
Linux applications in industry
Linux is used in a wide variety of industrial applications due to its flexibility and reliability:
- Servers: Linux is the most popular operating system for web servers, thanks to its stability, security and efficiency.
- Supercomputers: Many of the world’s most powerful supercomputers use Linux because of its ability to handle complex, high-performance tasks.
- Embedded devices: From routers to smart TVs, Linux is used in numerous embedded devices because of its ability to adapt to different hardware architectures.
- Software development: Linux is a preferred platform for developers because of its support for a wide range of programming tools and development environments.
- Education: Many educational institutions use Linux to teach computer science and programming, taking advantage of its open source nature to encourage learning and experimentation.